Operational expenditure (opex) is the money a company spends on running its business, including salaries, premises costs, administrative costs, and other day-to-day expenses. It is often contrasted with capital expenditure (capex), which is the money a company spends on long-term assets such as factories, equipment, or land. Opex is a crucial metric for investors and … Read more
The EU Transparency Directive (European Union Transparency Directive) is a set of regulations that requires listed companies to disclose certain information to the public. The directive is designed to improve market transparency and to protect investors. The directive requires companies to disclose their financial statements, as well as certain other information such as their corporate … Read more
A cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. Cooperatives may include businesses, organizations, and groups that are organized for the benefit of their members, who share in the profits or benefits generated by the organization. The … Read more
A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be replenished in a short period of time. This means that the resource is finite, and once it is used up, it will take a very long time for it to be available again. Non-renewable resources include fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, … Read more
The term International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) refers to a set of accounting standards that have been developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). These standards are designed to provide a common framework for financial reporting by companies around the world. IFRS are not a mandatory requirement for all companies, but many countries have … Read more
Concentration ratio (CR) is a measure of the degree to which a firms output is concentrated within a particular market or industry. It is calculated by dividing the market share of the largest firm in an industry by the total market share of all firms in that industry. The concentration ratio is used as a … Read more
The First Amendment to the Constitution protects the right to freedom of religion, speech, and the press, as well as the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government. These rights are enshrined in the Bill of Rights, which was ratified in 1791. The First Amendment is one of the most important amendments in the … Read more
An S corporation, often called an S corp, is a special type of corporation created by the IRS. S corps have many of the same legal protections as regular corporations, but they are taxed differently. S corps are not subject to corporate income tax. Instead, the corporation’s income is passed through to the shareholders, who … Read more
Digital due process is the application of the principles of due process to the digital world. Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. In the context of digital due process, this means that the state must respect the rights of individuals with … Read more
The EU-US Privacy Shield is a framework for data protection that was jointly developed by the European Commission and the United States Department of Commerce. It is designed to provide a mechanism for transferring personal data from the European Union to the United States in compliance with EU data protection law. The Privacy Shield replaces … Read more
